Iimagnethi eziNcincisayo

 Yintoni eneneni enika iMagnet ukusebenza kwayo okuqinileyo?

Xa iingcaphephe zobugcisa zibhekisa kwimagnethi “njengeyomelele,” ayifane idityaniswe kwinani elinye elisecaleni kwiphepha elithile. Amandla okwenene kazibuthe avela kunxibelelwano lweepropathi ezininzi kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenyani-kwaye ngulo mxube owahlulayo ukusebenza kwethiyori ekusebenzeni onokuthi uthembele kuyo ekusebenzeni.

Izinto ezininzi ezinxibeleleneyo zigqiba ukusebenza kwemagnethi:

Okokuqala yi-remanence (Br), ebonisa ubungakanani bemagnethi imagnethi ayigcinayo xa sele isusiwe kumhlaba wayo wokwenza uzibuthe. Yicinge nje “njengesiseko sokuncamathela” semagnethi—ubuchule obusisiseko obunaso bokubambelela kwimathiriyeli ye-ferromagnetic ixesha elide emva kokuba inkqubo yokuqala yemagneti iphelile. Ngaphandle kokuhlala ngokwaneleyo, nokuba umazibuthe owenzelwe amandla uya kusokola ukugcina ukubamba kusetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla.

Xa uqokelela zonke iimagnethi ezisisigxina ezikhoyo namhlanje, iintlobo ze-neodymium zihlala ziphuma phambi kweenketho zemveli ezifana ne-ferrite kunye ne-alnico kuyo yonke le milinganiselo.

Inzululwazi ngasemva koBulunga beNeodymium?

Ukusukela oko wabetha umboniso ngeminyaka yoo-1980, iimagnethi ze-neodymium ziye zawaguqula amathuba oyilo apho isithuba sixineneyo kodwa amandla omagnetic akanako ukuthotywa. Amandla abo akhethekileyo avela nzulu ngaphakathi koyilo lwabo lweathomu:

Ulungelelwaniso olukhethekileyo lwekristale ye-tetragonal kwi-NdFeB ivelisa ukuba zeziphi izixhobo zenzululwazi zibiza i-magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Ngokwezinto eziphathekayo, oku kuthetha ukuba izakhiwo zemagneti zangaphakathi zilungelelaniswa ngokwendalo ngendlela ekhethwayo, zidala ukuqina kwentsimi okumangalisayo.

Ezi magnethi zizisa zombini iremanence enkulu kunye nokunyanzeliswa okuphawulekayo etafileni, ibenza bakwazi ukugcina amandla emagnethi eyomeleleyo ngelixa bemi kuxinzelelo lwe-demagnetization. Lo msebenzi ulungelelanisiweyo ungqineka uluncedo kakhulu kwizicelo eziguquguqukayo apho iimeko zingafane zihlale zigqibelele.

Imagnethi ye-neodymium ikhupha kakhulu i-samarium-cobalt, i-alnico, kunye nabakhuphisana ne-ferrite. Olu xinzelelo luchukumisayo lwamandla luvumela amaqela obunjineli aphuhlise izisombululo ezihlangeneyo, ezonga amandla.

Kutheni iimilo ezixande zisebenza kakuhle?

Iimagnethi ze-neodymium ezixandeziye zavela njengezona zithandwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo apho impumelelo yendawo kufuneka ihlale kunye neemfuno eziqinileyo zokusebenza. Ijometri yabo efana nebhloko ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ezibonakalayo:

Imiphezulu ethe tyaba enkulu yongeza unxibelelwano kunye nezixhobo ze-ferromagnetic, idala ukuncamathela okunamandla kuneemilo ezigobileyo okanye ezingaqhelekanga zinokufezekiswa.

Imigca ecocekileyo kunye neekona ezibukhali zilungelelanisa ukudityaniswa kuzo zombini izixhobo zoshishino kunye neemveliso zabathengi, ukwenza lula ukukhwela kunye nokulungelelaniswa.

Imakethi ibonelela ngeemagnethi ze-neodymium ezixande kumabakala amaninzi okusebenza (ngokuqhelekileyo i-N35 ukuya ku-N52) ecaleni kokhetho olwahlukeneyo lokugquma (njengenickel, i-zinc, kunye ne-epoxy) ukujongana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.

Iindlela zokuVelisa zicacisiwe

Abavelisi ngokubanzi benza imagnethi ye-neodymium ngenye yeendlela ezimbini ezisekiweyo:

Indlela yokwenza i-sintering iqala ngokunyibilikisa izinto ezikrwada, ziziguqule zibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo, zihlanganisene phantsi kokuqhelaniswa nemagnethi, emva koko i-sintering kunye ne-machining echanekileyo. Le ndlela ifikelela incopho yokusebenza kwemagnethi kodwa ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo kwimikroskopu yokwenziwa kweenkozo kuyo yonke indalo.

Imveliso yemagnethi edityanisiweyo idibanisa amasuntswana kazibuthe kunye nezibophelelo zeplastiki phambi kokubunjwa. Iimagnethi zemveliso, nangona zibuthathaka kwaye ziguquguquka ngakumbi, zihlala zibonisa isiphumo esisezantsi semagnethi xa kuthelekiswa neenguqulelo ze-sintered.

Kwiimagnethi ze-neodymium ezixande, abavelisi bemizi-mveliso bathembela kakhulu kwiindlela zokuntywila kuba obu buchule bugcina ubukhulu becala ngelixa buqinisekisa iziphumo ezifanayo zomgangatho ophezulu-izinto ezimbini ekufuneka zibe nazo kwizicelo zobungcali.

Imiba Eluncedo Ebalulekileyo

Ngelixa amaxwebhu enkcazo enika isikhokelo esiluncedo, iimeko zokufakelwa kokwenyani zazisa izinto ezongezelelweyo:

Iimagnethi eziqhelekileyo ze-neodymium ziqala ukufumana ukuthotywa kwemagnethi esisigxina xa amaqondo obushushu edlula kuma-80°C. Kwizicwangciso ezifudumeleyo, abavelisi benza amabakala akhethekileyo abandakanya i-dysprosium okanye i-terbium additives.

Iimagnethi ze-Bare ze-NdFeB zihlala zichaphazeleka kwirusi kunye nokuhlwa. Umphezulu okhuselayo utshintsha ukusuka kwezongezo ozikhethelayo ukuya kwiimpawu ezisisinyanzelo, ngakumbi kwindawo efumileyo okanye enekhemikhali.

Nangona zinamandla kazibuthe, iimagnethi ze-neodymium zibonisa ukonakala okubonakalayo. Ukuphatha ngokungakhathali okanye impembelelo ngexesha lokuseta kunokuvelisa iitshiphusi okanye iifractures, kufuna iindlela zokufakela ngabom.

IiNdawo zeSicelo eziqinisekisiweyo

Umtshato onamandla wemveliso yemagnethi eyomeleleyo kunye noyilo olusebenzayo kwindawo yenza iimagnethi ze-neodymium ezixande zilungele ukusetyenziswa okuninzi:

Iifemu zombane zizifaka kwizithethi, izixhobo zokugcina, kunye nezivamvo apho i-real estate yangaphakathi inqabile.

Iinkqubo ze-automation yefektri zizakhela kwizixhobo zokwahlula, izixhobo zokuphatha ezichanekileyo, kunye namacandelo okulandelela indawo.

Iinjineli zeenqwelo-mafutha zizikhethela iindlela zokuqhuba zombane, ii-EV powertrains, kunye nemisebenzi yokuva.

Iiprojekthi zamandla omoya zizisebenzisa ngaphakathi kweemfumba zejenereyitha apho ukuthembeka nokubalwa koxinzelelo lwamandla.

Abaphuhlisi bezixhobo zonyango badibanisa kwiisistim zemifanekiso kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ezikhethekileyo.

IziCwangciso zokuKhetha ngobuchule

Ukukhetha umazibuthe ofanelekileyo kubandakanya ukujongisisa imiba emininzi:

Nangona amabakala eprimiyamu enika amandla angakumbi, ahlala ebonisa ubuthathaka obukhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha ukukhetha imagnethi enkulu, ekumgangatho osezantsi ivelisa ubomi obude obuphezulu kunye nengqiqo yezoqoqosho.

Indawo yokusebenza kufuneka imisele ukhetho lokugquma. Abaphuhlisi kufuneka bavavanye unxibelelwano olunokuthi lube khona ngobumanzi, izinto ezidliwayo, kunye nokugruzuka komzimba xa bechola izinto ezikhuselayo.

Iqabane kunye nabavelisi abahambisa iisampulu zokwenyani, babuyisele iprototyping ebanzi, kwaye babelane ngolwazi lobuchwephesha ukucokisa uyilo ekusebenzeni kunye nokhuseleko.

IiNdlela zoKhuseleko eziBalulekileyo

Amandla abonakalayo ezi magnethi azisa iimfuno ezithile zokuphatha:

Umtsalane wabo omkhulu unokuvelisa amanxeba amabi kakhulu okanye uvelise amaqhekeza eprojekti ukuba iimagnethi ziyangqubana ngexesha lokuqhathwa.

Gcina iimagnethi ezinamandla kude nombane, izixhobo zonyango ezifakelweyo, kunye nogcino lwemagnethi ukunqanda ukwenzakala okanye ukuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka.

Ngokuqhubekayo sebenzisa izixhobo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo - ngokukodwa iimpahla zamehlo ezixhathisayo kunye neeglavu zamashishini - xa unyuswa okanye ulawula ezi magnethi.

Umlinganiselo wokwenyani wamandla emagnethi

Inene "umazibuthe onamandla" ubonelela ngaphezu kwamanani atsala aselabhoratri anomtsalane - unikezela ngentsebenzo ethembekileyo phantsi kweemeko zokwenyani zokusebenza. Iimagnethi ze-neodymium ezixande ziye zafumana iwonga lazo njengezinto ezikhethwayo zosetyenziso olufuna amandla amakhulu kazibuthe, ubungakanani obubambeneyo, kunye nokuguquguquka kolungelelwaniso. Ngokuwaqonda ngokupheleleyo amandla abo, imiqobo, kunye nokuphunyezwa okufanelekileyo, iingcali zobugcisa kunye neearhente zokuthenga zinokufikelela kwizigqibo ezinolwazi ezonyusa zombini ukuthembeka kwemveliso kunye nokusebenza.

Kumiliselo olukhethekileyo lwemagnethi - ngakumbi abo baqesha iimagnethi ze-neodymium ezixande-ukwenza ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano kunye nababoneleli bemagnethi abanamava bahlala bevelisa iziphumo eziphezulu malunga nokusebenza kobugcisa kunye nexabiso leprojekthi.