Gusobanura neza magneti zikomeye

 Ni iki mu by'ukuri gituma magneti ikora neza?

Iyo abahanga mu bya tekiniki bavuga ko rukuruzi "ikomeye," akenshi ntibakunze gushyirwa ku mubare umwe utandukanye n'urupapuro rw'ibanga. Imbaraga nyazo za rukuruzi ziva ku mikoranire y'imiterere myinshi mu bihe nyabyo—kandi ni uru ruvange rutandukanya imikorere y'ibitekerezo n'imikorere ushobora kwishingikirizaho mu bikorwa.

Ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano bigena imikorere nyayo ya rukuruzi:

Icya mbere ni remanence (Br), ipima flux ya rukuruzi rukuruzi igumana iyo imaze gukurwa mu ishami ryayo rikurura. Tekereza ko ari "ishingiro ry'ingenzi" ry'ikuruzi - ubushobozi bw'ibanze ifite bwo gufata ku bikoresho bya ferromagnetike igihe kirekire nyuma y'uko igikorwa cya mbere cyo gukuramo magneti kirangiye. Iyo idafite remanence ihagije, ndetse na rukuruzi yagenewe imbaraga izagorwa no kugumana ikoreshwa rya buri munsi.

Iyo ushyize hamwe rukuruzi zose zihoraho ziboneka muri iki gihe, ubwoko bwa neodymium buhora burusha ubundi buryo gakondo nka ferrite na alnico muri ibi bipimo byose.

Ubumenyi bwihishe inyuma y'ubuhanga bwa Neodymium?

Kuva aho byatangiriye mu myaka ya 1980, magneti za neodymium zahinduye uburyo bwo gushushanya aho ikirere kiba gito ariko imbaraga za magneti ntizishobora kwangirika. Ubushobozi bwazo budasanzwe buturuka mu miterere yazo ya atome:

Imiterere yihariye ya kristu ya tetragonal muri NdFeB ikora icyo abahanga mu bya siyansi bita anisotropi ya magnetocrystalline. Mu buryo bufatika, ibi bivuze ko imiterere y'imbere ya rukuruzi itunganywa mu buryo busanzwe mu cyerekezo gikundwa, bigatuma imbaraga z'umurima zigaragara.

Izi magneti zizana imbaraga zikomeye zo gukomeza gukora no guhangana n’imbaraga zikomeye zo gukoresha ingufu za rukuruzi mu gihe zihanganye n’ibitutu bya demagnetize. Iyi mikorere iringaniye irafasha cyane cyane mu mikoreshereze ihindagurika aho imiterere idakunze kuguma neza.

Ingufu za neodymium ziruta cyane abanywanyi ba samarium-cobalt, alnico, na ferrite. Uku gukanda ingufu gutangaje bituma amakipe y’abahanga akora ibisubizo bito kandi bikoresha ingufu nke.

Impamvu Imiterere y'Urukiramende Ikora neza？

Ingufu za neodymium zifite uruzigaByagaragaye nk'ibikunzwe cyane mu nzego zitandukanye aho imikorere myiza y'ahantu igomba kuba ijyanye n'ibisabwa mu mikorere ikomeye. Imiterere yabyo isa n'iy'amatafari itanga inyungu nyinshi zifatika:

Ubuso bunini burambuye butuma ibintu bikorana na ferromagnetike, bigatuma habaho gufatana gukomeye kurusha uko imiterere igoramye cyangwa idasobanutse ishobora kugeraho.

Imirongo isukuye n'imfuruka zisongoye byoroshya uburyo bwo guhuza ibikoresho by'inganda n'ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa n'abaguzi, byoroshya uburyo bwo gushyiraho no gushyira hamwe ibikoresho.

Isoko ritanga magneti za neodymium zifite ishusho y'urukiramende mu byiciro bitandukanye by'imikorere (akenshi kuva kuri N35 kugeza kuri N52) hamwe n'amahitamo atandukanye yo gusiga (nka nikeli, zinki, na epoxy) kugira ngo zikore ahantu hatandukanye mu mikorere.

Uburyo bwo gukora bwasobanuwe

Abakora muri rusange bakora magneti za neodymium binyuze mu nzira imwe muri ebyiri zashyizweho:

Uburyo bwo gushonga butangirana no gushonga ibintu by’ibanze, bikavamo ifu nziza, bigahuzwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya rukuruzi, hanyuma bigakorwa hifashishijwe ubuhanga bwo gushonga. Iyi nzira igera ku musaruro mwiza wa rukuruzi ariko isaba kugenzura cyane ikorwa ry’ibinyampeke bya mikorosikopi mu gihe cyose cyo kurema.

Gukora magneti zifatanye bivanga uduce duto twa magneti n'udufunga twa pulasitiki mbere yo gushushanya. Magineti zisohoka, nubwo zidakomeye kandi zishobora guhinduka, akenshi zigaragaza ko magneti zisohoka nke ugereranije n'izakoreshejwe.

Ku bijyanye na rukuruzi za neodymium zifite urukiramende, abakora inganda bashingira cyane ku buryo bwo gusya kuko ubu buryo bubungabunga ingano nyayo mu gihe butanga umusaruro mwiza - ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi mu gukoresha mu buryo bw'umwuga.

Ibintu by'ingenzi bifatika

Nubwo impapuro zigaragaza uburyo bwo gushyiraho porogaramu zitanga ubuyobozi bw'ingirakamaro, imiterere nyayo y'aho ushyira ibikoresho izana izindi mpinduka:

Ingufu zisanzwe za neodymium zitangira kwangirika burundu iyo ubushyuhe burenze dogere selisiyusi 80. Ku bijyanye n'ubushyuhe, abakora ibikoresho bakora ubwoko bwihariye burimo inyongera za dysprosium cyangwa terbium.

Magneti za NdFeB zidafite ibara zikomeza kwangirika kubera ingese n'ingufu. Ubuso burinda buhinduka kuva ku bintu by'inyongera byihariye bujya ku bintu by'ingenzi, cyane cyane ahantu hatose cyangwa hakoreshwa imiti.

Nubwo ingufu za rukuruzi zifite, rukuruzi za neodymium zigaragaza ko zidakora neza. Gufata nabi cyangwa kugira ingaruka mbi mu gihe cyo gushyiraho bishobora gutera uduce duto cyangwa kuvunika, bigasaba uburyo bwo gushyiraho ku bushake.

Ahantu hagaragaye ko hakoreshwa

Uburyo bukomeye bwo guhuza imbaraga za rukuruzi n'imiterere ikoresha neza ikirere bituma rukuruzi za neodymium zifite urukiramende zikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bintu byinshi:

Ibigo by'ikoranabuhanga bibika indangururamajwi, ibikoresho byo kubikamo ibintu, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga aho usanga amazu y'imbere mu nzu ari make.

Sisitemu z’ikoranabuhanga zibikoramo ibikoresho byo gutandukanya, ibikoresho byo gucunga neza, n’ibice byo gukurikirana aho ibintu biherereye.

Abahanga mu by'imodoka bahitamo uburyo bwo kuyobora amashanyarazi, uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi mu modoka, ndetse no mu buryo bwo kumenya imodoka.

Imishinga y'ingufu z'umuyaga ikoresha ayo mashanyarazi mu mishinga y'imashini zitanga ingufu aho ubushobozi bwo kwiringirwa n'ubushobozi bw'ingufu ari byo bibarwa.

Abakora ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi babishyira muri sisitemu zo gufata amashusho n'ibikoresho byihariye byo gukoresha.

Ingamba zo Guhitamo mu buryo bw'Ubwenge

Guhitamo rukuruzi nziza bisaba guhuza ibintu byinshi:

Nubwo amanota meza atanga imbaraga nyinshi, akenshi agaragaza intege nke cyane. Rimwe na rimwe guhitamo rukuruzi nini kandi yo mu rwego rwo hasi bitanga ubuzima bwiza kandi bigatuma umuntu arushaho kugira ubukungu.

Ahantu ho gukorera hagomba kugena amahitamo yo gusiga. Abakora umushinga bagomba gusuzuma ko hashobora kuba hari ubushuhe, ibintu byangiza, ndetse n'uburyo byangirika mu gihe cyo guhitamo ibikoresho birinda.

Gukorana n'abakora batanga ingero nyazo, bakongeraho ibishushanyo mbonera byuzuye, kandi bagasangira ubumenyi mu bya tekiniki kugira ngo banoze imiterere y'ibishushanyo mbonera kugira ngo birusheho gukora neza kandi bigire umutekano.

Ibikorwa by'ingenzi by'umutekano

Imbaraga zigaragara z'izi magnets zituma habaho ibisabwa byihariye mu kuzikoresha:

Gukurura kwazo cyane bishobora gutera ibikomere bikomeye cyangwa bigatera uduce tw’ibisasu mu gihe rukuruzi zigonganye mu gihe cyo kuzitunganya.

Bika rukuruzi zikomeye kure y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi byashyizwemo, n'ububiko bw'ingufu kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika cyangwa guhungabana.

Koresha ibikoresho by'umutekano bikwiye buri gihe - cyane cyane imyenda y'amaso idatera ingaruka n'uturindantoki two mu nganda - mu gihe ushyiraho cyangwa ucunga izi magnets.

Igipimo Nyacyo cy'Imbaraga za Magnetic

"Magineti ikomeye" koko itanga ibirenze imibare ishimishije ya laboratwari - itanga imikorere yizewe mu bihe nyabyo by'akazi. Magineti za neodymium zifite impande enye z'urukiramende zahawe umwanya wazo nk'ibice bikunzwe cyane mu gukoreshwa bisaba imbaraga nyinshi za rukuruzi, ingano nto, no gukoresha neza imiterere yazo. Mu gusobanukirwa neza imbaraga zazo, imbogamizi, n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryazo ryiza, abahanga mu bya tekiniki n'abashinzwe kugura bashobora kugera ku mwanzuro usobanutse wo kongera ubwizigirwa bw'ibicuruzwa n'imikorere yabyo.

Ku bikorwa byihariye bya rukuruzi - cyane cyane ibikoresha rukuruzi za neodymium zifite urukiramende - kugirana umubano w’ubufatanye n’abatanga rukuruzi b’inararibonye akenshi bitanga umusaruro mwiza haba mu mikorere ya tekiniki ndetse n’agaciro k’umushinga.