Te Mana o Haina i te Hanganga o te Neodymium Magnet: Te Whakakaha i te Ao, Te Hanga i ngā Āhuatanga Ao

Mai i ngā waea atamai me ngā waka hiko (EV) ki ngā tāhū hau me ngā mahi karetao matatau, ko ngā aukume neodymium (NdFeB) te mana ngaro e akiaki ana i te hurihanga hangarau hou. Ko ēnei aukume tuturu tino kaha, he mea tito mai i ngā huānga whenua onge pēnei i te neodymium, te praseodymium, me te dysprosium, he mea nui ki ngā ahumahi pūngao matomato me te hangarau teitei. Heoi anō, kotahi te iwi e whakahaere nui ana i tā rātou whakaputanga:Haina.

Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi i kaha ai a Haina ki te whakaputa i te aukume neodymium, ngā pānga ā-ao me te ā-ōhanga o tēnei mana whakahaere kotahi, me tōna tikanga mō te pana ā-ao ki te oranga tonutanga.

 

Te Mana o Haina ki te Mekameka Tuku NdFeB

Neke atu i te90%o te keri whenua onge o te ao, 85% o te whakamahine whenua onge, me te 92% o te hanga aukume neodymium. Mā tēnei whakaurunga poutū ka hoatu he mana whakahaere kore e taea te whakataurite ki tētahi rauemi e tino hira ana ki:

Ngā Waka Hiko:E whakamahi ana ia motuka EV i te 1–2 kg o ngā aukume NdFeB.

Pūngao Hau:E 600 kg o ēnei aukume e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi tāpine 3MW kotahi.

Ngā Pūnaha Parepare:Ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūnaha arataki, ngā waka rererangi kore, me te radar ki tō rātou tika.

Ahakoa kei te US, Ahitereiria, me Myanmar ngā putunga o ngā huānga onge, ehara i te mea nā te matawhenua anake te mana o Haina, engari nā ngā tekau tau o te whakatakoto kaupapa here rautaki me te haumi ahumahi.

 

Te Hanganga a Haina i tana Monopoly

1. Te Pukapuka Tākaro o te tekau tau atu i 1990: "Te Tukunga" hei Hopu i ngā Mākete
I ngā tau 1990, i waipukehia ngā mākete o te ao e Haina ki ngā konganuku onge iti te utu, ā, i hinga iho i a rātou ngā kaiwhakataetae pērā i a Amerika me Ahitereiria. I te tau 2000, ka kati ngā maina o te Hauāuru—kāore i taea te whakataetae—ā, ka waiho ko Haina anake te kaiwhakarato nui.

2. Te Whakaurunga Poutū me ngā Tautoko
He nui te haumi a Haina ki ngā hangarau whakamahine me te hanga aukume. Ko ngā kamupene tautokona e te kāwanatanga pērā i a China Northern Rare Earth Group me JL MAG kei te arahi i te whakaputanga o te ao, me te tautokona e ngā tahua tautoko, ngā whakahekenga taake, me ngā ture taiao ngoikore.

3. Ngā Here Kaweake me te Huanga Rautaki
I te tau 2010, i whakaitihia e Haina ngā rohenga kaweake o ngā taonga whenua onge mā te 40%, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu mā te 600–2,000%. Nā tēnei nekehanga i whakaatu te whakawhirinaki o te ao ki ngā taonga Hainamana, ā, i tohu hoki i tōna hiahia ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hei patu i ngā wā tautohe hokohoko (hei tauira, te pakanga hokohoko i waenganui i te US me Haina i te tau 2019).

 

He aha te Ao e Whakawhirinaki ana ki a Haina

1. Te Whakataetae Utu
Nā te iti o ngā utu mahi a Haina, te tautoko pūngao, me te iti o te tirotiro taiao, ka iti ake te utu o ōna aukume ki te 30–50% i ērā i hangaia i hea atu.

2. Te taha hangarau
Ko ngā kamupene Haina te rangatira o ngā mana pateni mō te hanga aukume mahi-teitei, tae atu ki ngā tikanga hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga o te dysprosium (he huānga tino nui, he onge).

3. Tauine Hanganga
Kua tino honoa te mekameka tuku taonga whenua onge o Haina—mai i te keri ki te huihuinga aukume. Kāore i te rite te kaha o ngā iwi o te Hauāuru ki te whakamahine me te tukatuka.

 

Ngā Mōrearea Ā-Ao me ngā Taumahatanga o te Ao

He nui ngā mōrearea o te mana pupuri a Haina:

Ngāwari o te mekameka tuku:Mā te aukati kotahi i ngā kaweake ka raru pea ngā rāngai hiko me te pūngao whakahou o te ao.

Ngā Āwangawanga mō te Haumarutanga ā-Motu:Ko ngā pūnaha parepare matatau o te US me te EU e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā aukume Hainamana.

Ngā Whāinga Āhuarangi kei te Mōrearea:Ko te whāinga kore-kupenga me whakanui ake i te hanga aukume NdFeB kia whā ngā wā tae noa ki te tau 2050—he wero tēnei mēnā ka noho pūmau te tuku.

He tauira nui:I te tau 2021, i te wā o tētahi tautohe tōrangapū, nā te aukati wā poto a Haina i ngā kaweake ki te US i whakaroa te hanga Cybertruck a Tesla, e whakaatu ana i te ngoikore o ngā mekameka tuku taonga o te ao.

 

Ngā Urupare o te Ao: Te Wāwāhi i te Mana o Haina

Kei te ngana ngā whenua me ngā kamupene ki te whakanui ake i ngā taonga:

1. Te Whakaora Ake i te Keri o te Hauāuru

I whakatuwheratia anō e te US tana maina whenua onge o Mountain Pass (ināianei e whakarato ana i te 15% o te hiahia o te ao).

I hanga e te kamupene Lynas Rare Earths o Ahitereiria tētahi wheketere tukatuka mai i Mareia hei karo i te mana whakahaere a Haina.

2. Te Hangarua me te Whakakapinga
Ngā kamupene pēnei iHyProMag (UK)meTe Kamupene Mining o te Tāone (US)te tango i te neodymium mai i ngā para hiko.

Ko te whāinga o te rangahau mō ngā aukume ferrite me ngā hoahoa NdFeB kore-dysprosium he whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te whenua onge.

3. Ngā Hononga Rautaki
TeTe Hononga Rauemi Mata Nui o te EUme te USTure Whakaputa Tiakite whakatairanga i te hanga aukume ā-whare.

Ko Hapani, he kaihoko nui o te NdFeB, e whakangao ana i te $100M ia tau ki te hangarau hangarua me ngā kaupapa whenua onge o Āwherika.

 

Te Whakahē a Haina: Te Whakapūmau i te Mana Whakahaere

Kāore a Haina e tū noa ana. Ko ngā rautaki hou ko:

Te Whakakotahi i te Mana:Te whakakotahi i ngā kamupene whenua onge a te kāwanatanga hei "tino nunui" hei whakahaere i ngā utu.

Ngā Mana Whakahaere Kaweake:Me tono raihana mō ngā kaweake aukume mai i te tau 2023, e whakaata ana i tana pukapuka rautaki whenua onge.

Te Whanuitanga o te Belt and Road:Te whakapūmau i ngā mana keri maina i Āwherika (hei tauira, Burundi) hei pupuri i ngā taonga o muri mai.

 

Te Utu Taiao o te Mana Whakahaere

He nui te utu mō te mana o Haina ki te taiao:

Para Paitini:Ka puta te paru irahiko i te whakamahine whenua onge, ka poke te wai me te whenua ahuwhenua.

Tapuwae Waro:E toru ngā wā ka nui ake te CO2 e tukuna ana e te whakamahinga waro o Haina i ngā tikanga ma ake e whakamahia ana i hea atu.

Nā ēnei take i ara ake ai ngā whakahē ā-whare, me ngā ture taiao e kaha ake ana (engari kāore i te ōrite te whakatinanatanga).

 

Te Huarahi kei mua: He Ao Pakaru?
Kei te neke haere te ao o te whenua onge ki ngā poraka whakataetae e rua:

Ngā Mekameka Tuku i waenganui i a Haina me Haina:He utu whaitake, he taea te whakawhānui ake, engari he mōrearea ki ngā mahi tōrangapū.

Te "Whakapūmau Hoa" o te Hauāuru:He matatika, he pakari, engari he nui ake te utu, ā, he puhoi ake te whakatinana.

Mō ngā ahumahi pēnei i ngā EV me ngā pūngao whakahou, tera pea ka noho ko te whakamahi i ngā pūtake takirua te tikanga noa—engari mēnā ka tere ake ngā haumitanga a ngā iwi o te Hauāuru ki te whakamahine, te hangarua, me te whakangungu kaimahi.

 

Whakamutunga: Te Mana, Te Tōrangapū, me te Whakawhiti Kakariki
Ko te mana o Haina i roto i te hanga aukume neodymium e whakaatu ana i tētahi āhuatanga rerekē o te hurihanga matomato: ko ngā hangarau hei whakaora i te ao e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi mekameka tuku e kī ana i ngā mōrearea ā-whenua me te taiao. Ko te wawahi i tēnei mana motuhake me mahi tahi, me auaha, me te hiahia ki te utu i tētahi mea nui mō te pumau.

I te tere haere o te ao ki te whakamahi i te hiko, ka hanga te pakanga mō ngā aukume NdFeB ehara i te mea ko ngā ahumahi anake engari ko te taurite o te mana o te ao.