Ubwiganze bw'Ubushinwa mu gukora Neodymium Magnet: Gutera imbaraga ahazaza, no Guhindura Imiterere y'Isi

Kuva kuri telefoni zigendanwa n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (EVs) kugeza kuri turbine z'umuyaga na roboti zigezweho, magneti za neodymium (NdFeB) ni zo mbaraga zitagaragara ziyobora impinduramatwara y'ikoranabuhanga rya none. Izi magneti zikomeye cyane zihoraho, zigizwe n'ibintu bidasanzwe nka neodymium, praseodymium, na dysprosium, ni ingenzi cyane ku ngufu zibungabunga ibidukikije n'inganda zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Nyamara, hari igihugu kimwe kigenzura cyane umusaruro wazo:Ubushinwa.

Iyi blog irasesengura uburyo Ubushinwa bwaje kwigarurira ikorwa rya neodymium magnet, ingaruka z’ubu bwihariwe n’ubukungu n’ubukungu, n’icyo bivuze ku iterambere ry’isi yose rigamije kurambye.

 

Ubushinwa bufite imbaraga mu gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bya NdFeB

Ubushinwa bwagize uruhare rurenga90%by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi, 85% by'isukura ry'ubutaka ridasanzwe, na 92% by'umusaruro wa neodymium magnet. Uku guhuza imiterere biyiha ububasha budasanzwe ku mutungo w'ingenzi kuri:

Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi:Buri moteri ya EV ikoresha magneti ya NdFeB angana na kg 1–2.

Ingufu z'umuyaga:Turbine imwe ya 3MW ikenera ibiro 600 by'izi magneti.

Sisitemu zo Kwirinda:Sisitemu zo kuyobora, indege zitagira abapilote, na radar bishingira ku buhanga bwabyo.

Nubwo hari ibintu by’ingenzi bidasanzwe muri Amerika, Ositaraliya na Myanmar, ubwiganze bw’Ubushinwa ntibukomoka ku bumenyi bw’isi gusa ahubwo bukomoka ku myaka myinshi ishize mu gushyiraho politiki n’ishoramari mu nganda.

 

Uburyo Ubushinwa bwubatse Monopoly yabwo

1. Igitabo cy'imikino cyo mu myaka ya 1990: "Gutakaza" kugira ngo ufate amasoko
Mu myaka ya 1990, Ubushinwa bwujuje amasoko mpuzamahanga amabuye y’agaciro ahendutse, bituma bagabanya abanywanyi nka Amerika na Ositaraliya. Mu myaka ya 2000, ibirombe byo mu Burengerazuba bw'isi—bitari gushobora guhangana—byarahagaze, bituma Ubushinwa buba bwo bwonyine butanga ibicuruzwa bikomeye.

2. Guhuza no gutera inkunga mu buryo buhagaze
Ubushinwa bwashoye imari nyinshi mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kunoza no gukora ikoranabuhanga rya rukuruzi. Ibigo bishyigikiwe na leta nka China Northern Rare Earth Group na JL MAG ubu ni byo biyoboye umusaruro ku isi, bishyigikiwe n'inkunga, kugabanya imisoro, n'amategeko adasobanutse yo kubungabunga ibidukikije.

3. Inzitizi zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga n'inyungu zishingiye ku ngamba
Mu 2010, Ubushinwa bwagabanyije ingano y’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ku butaka budasanzwe ho 40%, bituma ibiciro bizamuka ho 600–2000%. Iki gikorwa cyagaragaje ko isi yose yishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa kandi kigaragaza ubushake bwabwo bwo gukoresha intwaro mu gihe cy’amakimbirane mu bucuruzi (urugero: intambara y’ubucuruzi hagati ya Amerika n’Ubushinwa yo mu 2019).

 

Impamvu Isi Ishingiye ku Bushinwa

1. Ihangana ry'ibiciro
Ibiciro by'abakozi mu Bushinwa biri hasi, ingufu ziterwa inkunga, ndetse no kudakurikirana ibidukikije mu buryo buke bituma ingufu zabyo zihendutseho 30-50% ugereranyije n'izakorewe ahandi.

2. Imbere y'ikoranabuhanga
Ibigo by’Abashinwa ni byo byiganje mu gutanga patenti ku nganda zikora rukuruzi zifite imikorere myiza, harimo n’uburyo bwo kugabanya ikoreshwa rya dysprosium (ikintu cy’ingenzi kandi kidakunze kuboneka).

3. Igipimo cy'ibikorwa remezo
Uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa by'ubutaka budasanzwe mu Bushinwa—kuva ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro kugeza ku guteranya ingufu za rukuruzi—rurakora neza. Ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw'Isi nta bushobozi bungana bwo gutunganya no gutunganya ibintu.

 

Ingaruka za politiki y'isi n'ibibazo by'isi

Kwiharira kwa buri wese mu Bushinwa biteza ibyago bikomeye:

Ingorane z'Uruhererekane rw'Ibicuruzwa:Guhagarika kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga rimwe gusa bishobora guhagarika urwego rw'amashanyarazi ku isi ndetse n'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Ibibazo by'umutekano w'igihugu:Sisitemu zo kurinda ziteye imbere za Amerika n'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi zikoresha ingufu z'ubushinwa.

Intego z'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ziri mu kaga:Intego za Net-zero zisaba ko umusaruro wa NdFeB wikubye inshuro enye mbere ya 2050—ikibazo nigikomeza kuba ikibazo cy’uko isoko rikomeza kuba ahantu hamwe.

Ingingo y'ingenzi:Mu 2021, ihagarikwa ry'agateganyo ry'Ubushinwa ryo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika mu gihe cy'amakimbirane ya dipolomasi ryadindije ikorwa rya Tesla rya Cybertruck, bigaragaza ko urusobe rw'ibicuruzwa ku isi rudakora neza.

 

Ibisubizo ku Isi: Guca intege Ubushinwa

Ibihugu n'ibigo birimo kwihatira gukwirakwiza ibikoresho bitandukanye:

1. Kuvugurura ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bw'Iburengerazuba

Amerika yongeye gufungura ibirombe byayo bya Mountain Pass byo mu bwoko bwa rare-earth mine (ubu bitanga 15% by'ibikenewe ku isi).

Lynas Rare Earths yo muri Ositaraliya yubatse uruganda rutunganya ingano muri Maleziya kugira ngo rutitaye ku buyobozi bw'Abashinwa.

2. Gukoresha no Gusimbuza
Ibigo nkaHyProMag (mu Bwongereza)naIsosiyete y'Ubucukuzi bw'Amabuye y'Agaciro mu Mujyi (Amerika)gukuramo neodymium mu myanda ya elegitoroniki.

Ubushakashatsi ku mashini za ferrite n'igishushanyo cya NdFeB kidafite dysprosium bugamije kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bintu bidasanzwe.

3. Amashyirahamwe y'ingamba
ItsindaUmuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi byita ku bikoresho fatizona AmerikaItegeko ry'Umusaruro w'Ubwunganizigushyira imbere ikorwa rya rukuruzi mu gihugu.

Ubuyapani, umuguzi ukomeye wa NdFeB, bushora miliyoni 100 z'amadolari buri mwaka mu mishinga y'ikoranabuhanga ryo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bishya ndetse n'imishinga yo muri Afurika ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu bidasanzwe.

 

Guhangana n'Ubushinwa: Kugenzura sima

Ubushinwa ntibuhagaze neza. Ingamba ziherutse gufatwa zirimo:

Guhuza Ubutegetsi:Guhuza ibigo bya leta by’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe mu "bihangange cyane" kugira ngo hagenzurwe ibiciro.

Ibipimo byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga:Gusaba uruhushya rwo kohereza magnet kuva mu 2023, nk'uko bigaragara mu gitabo cyayo cy'imikino idasanzwe.

Kwagura umukandara n'umuhanda:Guha uburenganzira bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro muri Afurika (urugero, mu Burundi) kugira ngo habeho gufungirwa ibikoresho bizakoreshwa mu gihe kizaza.

 

Ikiguzi cy'Ububasha ku Bidukikije

Ubushinwa bufite ubwiganze bukabije ku bidukikije:

Imyanda y'uburozi:Gutunganya ubutaka buto cyane bitanga umwanda uturuka ku mirasire, bigahumanya amazi n'ubutaka.

Ikirenge cya karuboni:Gutunganya amakara mu Bushinwa bikoresha amakara bisohora CO2 inshuro eshatu kurusha uburyo bwo gusukura bukoreshwa ahandi.

Ibi bibazo byateje imyigaragambyo mu ngo ndetse n'amategeko akaze yo kubungabunga ibidukikije (ariko adashyirwa mu bikorwa neza).

 

Inzira Imbere: Ejo hazaza hacitsemo ibice?
Imiterere y’ubutaka budasanzwe ku isi iri guhinduka igana ku matsinda abiri ahanganye:

Imiyoboro y'Ibintu ihuza Ubushinwa n'Isosiyete Ishinzwe Ubucuruzi:Birahendutse, birakomeye, ariko biteye akaga muri politiki.

"Gushaka Inshuti" mu Burengerazuba:Irangwa n'imyitwarire myiza, ihamye, ariko ihenze kandi igenda buhoro.

Ku nganda nka za EV na za renoubleables, gushakisha ibikoresho bibiri bishobora kuba ikintu gisanzwe—ariko gusa ni uko ibihugu by’Iburengerazuba byihuse mu ishoramari mu gutunganya, kongera gukoresha ibikoresho, no guhugura abakozi.

 

Umwanzuro: Ubutegetsi, Politiki, n'Impinduka mu by'Icyaro
Kuba Ubushinwa bwiganje mu gukora magneti ya neodymium bigaragaza ikintu kidasanzwe ku mpinduramatwara y’ibidukikije: ikoranabuhanga rigamije kurokora isi rishingiye ku ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa birimo ingaruka za politiki n’ibidukikije. Guca ukubiri n’ubu buryo bwonyine bisaba ubufatanye, guhanga udushya, no kwemera gutanga amafaranga menshi kugira ngo ibintu bikomeze kubaho.

Mu gihe isi yose irimo kwiruka igana ku gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, intambara yo kurwanya ingufu za NdFeB ntizahindura inganda gusa ahubwo izahindura n’uburyo ingufu z’isi zihagaze.