Ukubusa KweShayina Ekukhiqizweni Kwe-Neodymium Magnet: Ukunika Amandla Ikusasa, Ukwakha Amandla Omhlaba Wonke

Kusukela kuma-smartphones kanye nezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV) kuya kuma-wind turbine kanye namarobhothi athuthukile, omaginethi be-neodymium (i-NdFeB) bangamandla angabonakali aqhuba inguquko yezobuchwepheshe besimanje. Lawa maginethi ahlala njalo aqinile kakhulu, akhiwe yizinto ezingavamile zomhlaba njenge-neodymium, i-praseodymium, kanye ne-dysprosium, abaluleke kakhulu kumandla aluhlaza kanye nezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, isizwe esisodwa silawula kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwawo:IShayina.

Le bhulogi igxila ekutheni iShayina yaqala kanjani ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kukamagneti we-neodymium, imiphumela yezwe kanye nezomnotho yalokhu kubumbana, nokuthi kusho ukuthini ekuqhubekeni komhlaba wonke ukuze kuqhubeke ukusimama.

 

Ukucindezelwa kweShayina ku-NdFeB Supply Chain

I-China ibala ngaphezulu90%kokumbiwa komhlaba wonke ongavamile, u-85% wokucwengisiswa komhlaba ongavamile, kanye no-92% wokukhiqizwa kwemagnethi ye-neodymium. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okuqondile kuyinika ukulawula okungenakuqhathaniswa phezu kwensiza ebalulekile ku:

Izimoto Zikagesi:Injini ngayinye ye-EV isebenzisa omazibuthe be-NdFeB abangama-1-2 kg.

Amandla Omoya:I-turbine eyodwa engu-3MW idinga ama-magnet angu-600 kg.

Izinhlelo Zokuzivikela:Izinhlelo zokuqondisa, ama-drone, kanye ne-radar kuncike ekuqondeni kwazo.

Nakuba kukhona ama-deposit ezinto ezingavamile e-US, e-Australia naseMyanmar, ukubusa kweShayina akuveli ekujuleni komhlaba kuphela kodwa kubangelwa amashumi eminyaka okwenziwa kwenqubomgomo yamasu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezimboni.

 

Indlela iShayina Eyakha Ngayo I-Monopoly Yayo

1. Incwadi Yokudlala Yama-1990: “Ukulahla” Ukuze Ubambe Izimakethe
Ngawo-1990, iShayina yagcwalisa izimakethe zomhlaba wonke ngemikhiqizo eshibhile engavamile, yanciphisa izimbangi ezifana ne-US ne-Australia. Ngawo-2000, izimayini zaseNtshonalanga—ezingakwazanga ukuncintisana—zavalwa, okwashiya iShayina njengomhlinzeki omkhulu kuphela.

2. Ukuhlanganiswa Okuqondile kanye Nezibonelelo
I-China itshale imali eningi ekucwengisiseni nasekukhiqizeni izinto ezidonsayo. Izinkampani ezisekelwa nguhulumeni njenge-China Northern Rare Earth Group kanye ne-JL MAG manje sezihola ekukhiqizeni komhlaba wonke, zisekelwa yizibonelelo, ukwehliswa kwentela, kanye nemithethonqubo yezemvelo exegayo.

3. Imikhawulo Yokuthumela Ngaphandle kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwamasu
Ngo-2010, iShayina yehlisa izabelo zokuthumela ngaphandle izinto ezingavamile ngo-40%, okwabangela ukuba amanani akhuphuke ngo-600-2,000%. Lesi sinyathelo saveza ukuthembela komhlaba wonke ezintweni zaseShayina futhi sabonisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukusebenzisa izinsiza ngesikhathi sezingxabano zokuhweba (isib. impi yokuhweba phakathi kwe-US neShayina ka-2019).

 

Kungani Umhlaba Uthembele EShayina

1. Ukuncintisana Kwezindleko
Izindleko zabasebenzi eziphansi zaseShayina, amandla axhaswe ngemali, kanye nokuqapha okuncane kwemvelo kwenza omakethi bayo bashibhile ngo-30-50% kunalabo abakhiqizwa kwezinye izindawo.

2. Umkhawulo Wezobuchwepheshe
Izinkampani zaseShayina zibusa amalungelo obunikazi okukhiqiza amandla kazibuthe asebenza kahle kakhulu, okuhlanganisa namasu okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-dysprosium (into ebalulekile neyivelakancane).

3. Isikali Sengqalasizinda
Uchungechunge lokuphakelwa komhlaba olungavamile lwaseShayina—kusukela ekumbeni kuya ekuhlanganisweni komazibuthe—luhlanganiswe ngokuphelele. Amazwe aseNtshonalanga awanawo amandla okucubungula nokucubungula alinganayo.

 

Izingozi Zezwe kanye Nokungezwani Komhlaba Wonke

Ukuzimela kweShayina kudala izingozi ezinkulu:

Ubungozi Bochungechunge Lokunikezela:Ukuvinjelwa okukodwa kokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kungaphazamisa imikhakha ye-EV yomhlaba wonke kanye neyamandla avuselelekayo.

Ukukhathazeka Ngezokuphepha Kwezwe:Izinhlelo zokuvikela ezithuthukisiwe zase-US nase-EU zithembele kuma-magnet aseShayina.

Imigomo Yesimo Sezulu Esengozini:Ama-target angu-zero adinga ukukhiqizwa kukamagnethi we-NdFeB okuphindwe kane ngo-2050—inselele uma ukunikezwa kuhlala kusendaweni eyodwa.

Iphuzu Elibalulekile:Ngo-2021, ukumiswa kwesikhashana kokuthunyelwa kwe-US yiShayina ngesikhathi sengxabano yezombusazwe kwabambezela ukukhiqizwa kweTesla Cybertruck, okugqamisa ubuthakathaka bezindlela zokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke.

 

Izimpendulo Zomhlaba Wonke: Ukuqeda Ukubamba KweShayina

Amazwe nezinkampani ziyazama ukuhlukanisa izinto ezidingekayo:

1. Ukuvuselela Izimayini ZaseNtshonalanga

I-US ivule kabusha imayini yayo ye-rare-earth e-Mountain Pass (manje ehlinzeka ngo-15% wesidingo somhlaba wonke).

I-Lynas Rare Earths yase-Australia yakha isitshalo sokucubungula saseMalaysia ukuze igweme ukulawulwa yiShayina.

2. Ukuvuselela Nokufaka Esimweni Esisha
Izinkampani ezifanaI-HyProMag (e-UK)futhiI-Urban Mining Co. (US)khipha i-neodymium ku-e-waste.

Ucwaningo ngama-ferrite magnets kanye nemiklamo ye-NdFeB engena-dysprosium luhlose ukunciphisa ukuncika komhlaba ongavamile.

3. Ukubambisana Kwamasu
II-EU Critical Raw Materials Alliancekanye ne-USUmthetho Wokukhiqiza Ukuzivikelaukubeka phambili ukukhiqizwa kukamazibuthe wasekhaya.

IJapan, umthengi omkhulu we-NdFeB, itshala imali engu-$100M minyaka yonke kubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela kanye namaphrojekthi e-Afrika omhlaba ongavamile.

 

Ukususwa Okuphambene KweShayina: Ukulawulwa Kokusimende

IShayina ayimi ndawonye. Amasu akamuva afaka:

Amandla Okuhlanganisa:Ukuhlanganisa izinkampani zikahulumeni ezithengisa izinto ezingavamile zibe “ama-super-giants” ukuze kulawulwe amanani.

Izilawuli Zokuthumela Ngaphandle:Idinga amalayisense okuthumela kwamanye amazwe omaginethi kusukela ngo-2023, okulingisa incwadi yayo yokudlala ye-rare-earth.

Ukwandiswa Kwebhande Nomgwaqo:Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo okumba e-Afrika (isib., iBurundi) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthunyelwa kwempahla esikhathini esizayo.

 

Izindleko Zokubusa Kwemvelo

Ukubusa kweShayina kuza ngentengo ephezulu kakhulu yemvelo:

Imfucuza Enobuthi:Ukuhluzwa komhlaba ongavamile kukhiqiza udaka olunemisebe, olungcolisa amanzi kanye namasimu.

I-Carbon Footprint:Ukuhluzwa kwamalahle eShayina kukhipha i-CO2 ephindwe kathathu kunezindlela zokuhlanza ezisetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo.

Lezi zinkinga zibangele imibhikisho yasekhaya kanye nemithetho eqinile (kodwa engaphoqelelwa ngokungalingani) yezemvelo.

 

Umgwaqo Ozayo: Ikusasa Elihlukene?
Isimo somhlaba ongavamile emhlabeni wonke siyashintsha siye emaqenjini amabili ancintisanayo:

Amaketanga Okuphakelwa KwaseShayina-Isikhungo:Kungabizi, kuyakhula, kodwa kuyingozi kwezepolitiki.

"Ukuthanda Abangane" KwaseNtshonalanga:Kunokuziphatha okuhle, kuyashesha, kodwa kuyabiza futhi kuhamba kancane ukukala.

Ezimbonini ezifana nama-EV kanye nemishini evuselelekayo, ukuthengwa kwempahla okubili kungaba yinto evamile—kodwa kuphela uma amazwe aseNtshonalanga esheshisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ekucwengisiseni, ekuvuseleleni kabusha, kanye nasekuqeqeshweni kwabasebenzi.

 

Isiphetho: Amandla, Ezombusazwe, kanye Nokuguquka Okuluhlaza
Ukubusa kweShayina ekukhiqizweni kwe-neodymium magnet kugcizelela impikiswano yenguquko eluhlaza: ubuchwepheshe obenzelwe ukusindisa iplanethi buthembele ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka olugcwele izingozi zezwe kanye nezemvelo. Ukwephula lokhu kubusa kudinga ukubambisana, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuzimisela ukukhokha imali eningi ukuze kuqhubeke ukusimama.

Njengoba umhlaba ugijimela ekufakweni kukagesi, impi yamagnethi e-NdFeB ngeke ibumbe izimboni kuphela kodwa izoba nokulinganisela kwamandla omhlaba wonke.