Kutonga kweChina mukugadzirwa kweNeodymium Magnet: Kusimudzira Remangwana, Kuumba Simba reNyika

Kubva pamafoni nemotokari dzemagetsi (EVs) kusvika kumaturbine emhepo nemarobhoti epamusoro, magineti e-neodymium (NdFeB) ndiwo simba risingaonekwe rinotungamira shanduko yetekinoroji yemazuva ano. Aya magineti akasimba kwazvo, anoumbwa nezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvakaita se-neodymium, praseodymium, uye dysprosium, akakosha kumaindasitiri esimba rekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye tekinoroji yepamusoro. Asi, nyika imwe chete inodzora kugadzirwa kwawo zvakanyanya:China.

Blog rino rinoongorora kuti China yakasvika sei pakutonga kugadzirwa kwemagineti e neodymium, zvazvinoreva panyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika, uye zvazvinoreva pakusundira pasi rose kusimbaradza kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu.

 

Kudzvinyirirwa kweChina paNdFeB Supply Chain

China ine vanhu vanopfuura90%yekuchera pasi rose kwepasi rose kwepasi rose kwepasi rose, 85% yekuchenesa pasi rose kwepasi rose, uye 92% yekugadzira magineti e neodymium. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakamira kunoita kuti ive nesimba risingaenzaniswi pamusoro pechiwanikwa chakakosha ku:

Mota dzeMagetsi:Mota yega yega yeEV inoshandisa 1–2 kg yemagineti eNdFeB.

Simba reMhepo:Turbine imwe chete ye3MW inoda magineti aya anosvika 600 kg.

Masisitimu ekudzivirira:Masisitimu ekutungamira, madrone, uye radar zvinoenderana nekunyatsorongeka kwazvo.

Kunyange hazvo paine zvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi muU.S., Australia, neMyanmar, simba reChina haribvi mujeology chete asi mumakumi emakore ekugadzira mitemo uye mari mumaindasitiri.

 

Mavakirwo Akaitwa China neMonopoly Yayo

1. Bhuku reMitambo reMa1990: "Dumping" to Capture Markets
Mumakore ekuma1990, China yakazadza misika yepasi rose nematombo emhando dze "rare earths" asingadhuri, zvichideredza makwikwi akaita seUS neAustralia. Pakazosvika makore ekuma2000, migodhi yekumadokero—isingakwanise kukwikwidzana—yakavharwa, zvichiita kuti China ive iyo yega mutengesi mukuru.

2. Kubatanidzwa Kwakatwasuka uye Rubatsiro
China yakaisa mari yakawanda mukuvandudza matekinoroji ekugadzira zvinhu zvine magineti. Makambani anotsigirwa nehurumende akadai seChina Northern Rare Earth Group neJL MAG ikozvino anotungamira kugadzirwa kwenyika dzese, achitsigirwa nerubatsiro rwemari, kuderedzwa kwemitero, uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza isina kusimba.

3. Zvirambidzo zveKutengesa Zvinhu Kunze Kwenyika uye Kuwedzerwa Kwesimba
Muna 2010, China yakadzikisa mitengo yekutengesa zvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi ne40%, zvikaita kuti mitengo ikwire ne600–2,000%. Danho iri rakaratidza kuvimba kwayo neChina pasi rose uye rakaratidza kuda kwayo kushandisa zvombo panguva yekusawirirana kwekutengeserana (semuenzaniso, hondo yekutengeserana pakati peUS neChina muna 2019).

 

Nei Nyika Ichivimba neChina

1. Kukwikwidzana Kwemutengo
Mari shoma yevashandi muChina, simba rinotsigirwa nemari, uye kusanyanya kutarisira zvakatipoteredza zvinoita kuti magineti ayo adhure ne30-50% pane akagadzirwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

2. Mupendero weTekinoroji
Makambani ekuChina ndiwo anotonga patent dzekugadzira magineti ane simba guru, kusanganisira nzira dzekuderedza kushandiswa kwedhisprosium (chinhu chakakosha, chisingawanikwe).

3. Chiyero chezvivakwa
Kutengeserana kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa muChina—kubva pakuchera migodhi kusvika pakugadzira magineti—kwakabatana zvizere. Nyika dzekumadokero hadzina simba rakaenzana rekuchenesa nekugadzirisa zvinhu.

 

Njodzi dzezvematongerwo enyika uye kusawirirana kwepasi rose

Kutonga kweChina chete kune njodzi huru:

Kusagadzikana kweKutengesa:Kurambidzwa kamwe chete kwekutumira kunze kwenyika kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro emagetsi emagetsi pasi rose uye zvikamu zvesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa.

Zvinonetsa Nezvekuchengetedzwa Kwenyika:Masisitimu ekudzivirira epamusoro eUS neEU anovimba nemagineti ekuChina.

Zvinangwa zveMamiriro ekunze zviri panjodzi:Zvinangwa zveNet-zero zvinoda kugadzirwa kwemagineti eNdFeB zvakapetwa kana kana panosvika gore ra2050—dambudziko kana kuwanikwa kwemagetsi kukaramba kuri panzvimbo imwe chete.

Nyaya Yenyaya:Muna 2021, kumisa kwechinguvana kutumira kunze kwenyika kweChina kuenda kuUS panguva yekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakanonotsa kugadzirwa kweTesla Cybertruck, zvichiratidza kusasimba kwecheni dzezvekutengeswa kwenyika dzese.

 

Mhinduro Dzepasi Pose: Kuputsa Kubata kweChina

Nyika nemakambani ari kushanda nesimba kuti awane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:

1. Kuvandudza Migodhi yekumadokero

US yakavhurazve mugodhi wayo weMountain Pass (wava kupa 15% yezvinodiwa pasi rose).

Kambani yeLynas Rare Earths yekuAustralia yakavaka fekitori yekugadzira zvinhu zveMalaysia kuti isadzore simba reChina.

2. Kudzokorodza uye Kutsiva
Makambani akaita seHyProMag (UK)uyeKambani yeMigodhi yeMaguta (US)bvisa neodymium kubva mu-e-waste.

Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemagineti eferrite uye magadzirirwo eNdFeB asina dysprosium ine chinangwa chekuderedza kutsamira kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa.

3. Kubatana Kwakakosha
IyoMubatanidzwa weEU weZvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwauye USMutemo weKugadzira Dzivirirokukoshesa kugadzirwa kwemagineti emuno.

Japan, iyo inonyanya kushandisa NdFeB, inoisa mari inosvika $100 miriyoni pagore mukugadzira tekinoroji yekushandisa patsva uye mapurojekiti eAfrica ekugadzira zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki.

 

Kuchinja kweChina: Kudzora Simende

China haisi kumira zvakanaka. Maitiro matsva anosanganisira:

Simba Rokubatanidza:Kubatanidza makambani ehurumende ekutengesa zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki kuita "magamba makuru" kudzora mitengo.

Kudzora Kutumira Zvinhu Kunze Kwenyika:Kuda marezenisi ekutengeswa kwemagineti kubva muna 2023, zvichitevedzera bhuku rayo remitambo yerare-earth.

Kuwedzera Bhandi neMugwagwa:Kuchengetedza kodzero dzemigodhi muAfrica (semuenzaniso, kuBurundi) kuitira kuti zviwanikwa zvisawanikwe mune ramangwana.

 

Mutengo weKutonga Kwezvakatipoteredza

Kutonga kweChina kunouya nemutengo wakakura wezvakatipoteredza:

Marara ane Chepfu:Kuchenesa ivhu zvisina kujairika kunoburitsa tsvina ine mwaranzi, zvichisvibisa mvura neminda yekurima.

Tsananguro yeKabhoni:Kuchenesa marasha kweChina kunoburitsa CO2 yakawanda ka3 kupfuura nzira dzakachena dzinoshandiswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Nyaya idzi dzakakonzera kuratidzira mudzimba uye mitemo yakaoma (asi isina kusimbiswa zvakaenzana) yezvakatipoteredza.

 

Mugwagwa Uri Mberi: Remangwana Rakapatsanuka Here?
Nyika isingawanzoonekwi iri kuchinja ichienda kumabhuroko maviri anokwikwidzana:

Maketani Ekupa Zvinhu Pakati peChina:Inokwanisika kutenga, inogona kuwedzerwa, asi ine njodzi mune zvematongerwo enyika.

"Kutsvaga Shamwari" kwekumadokero:Hunhu hwakanaka, hwakasimba, asi hunodhura uye hunononoka kukura.

Kune maindasitiri akaita semaEV nemagetsi anogadzikiswazve, kutsvaga zvinhu zviviri kunogona kuva chinhu chakajairika—asi chete kana nyika dzekuMadokero dzichikurumidzisa mari mukuchenesa, kudzokorodza, uye kudzidziswa kwevashandi.

 

Mhedziso: Simba, Zvematongerwo enyika, uye Kuchinja Kwezvipenyu
Kutonga kweChina mukugadzirwa kwemagineti e neodymium kunoratidza musiyano uripo pakati pekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza: matekinoroji akagadzirirwa kuponesa pasi anovimba neketani yekugovera yakazara nenjodzi dzezvematongerwo enyika uye dzezvakatipoteredza. Kuputsa kutonga uku kunoda kushandira pamwe, hunyanzvi, uye kuda kubhadhara mari yakawanda kuti zvinhu zvirambe zviripo.

Sezvo nyika iri kukwikwidzana nekuisa magetsi, hondo pamusoro pemagineti eNdFeB ichaumba kwete maindasitiri chete asiwo kuenzana kwesimba repasi rose.