Kulamulira kwa China mu Kupanga Magnet a Neodymium: Kulimbikitsa Tsogolo, Kupanga Mphamvu Padziko Lonse

Kuyambira mafoni a m'manja ndi magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) mpaka ma turbine amphepo ndi maloboti apamwamba, maginito a neodymium (NdFeB) ndi mphamvu yosaoneka yomwe ikuyendetsa kusintha kwaukadaulo wamakono. Maginito amphamvu kwambiri okhazikika awa, opangidwa ndi zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi monga neodymium, praseodymium, ndi dysprosium, ndi ofunikira kwambiri ku mphamvu zobiriwira ndi mafakitale apamwamba. Komabe, dziko limodzi limayang'anira kwambiri kupanga kwawo:China.

Blog iyi ikufotokoza momwe China idayambira kulamulira kupanga maginito a neodymium, momwe monopoly iyi imakhudzira dziko komanso zachuma, komanso tanthauzo lake pakukula kwa dziko lonse lapansi kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

 

Kulimbana kwa China pa Unyolo Wopereka NdFeB

China yawerengera ndalama zoposa90%za migodi ya nthaka yosowa padziko lonse lapansi, 85% ya kuyeretsa nthaka yosowa, ndi 92% ya kupanga maginito a neodymium. Kuphatikiza koyima kumeneku kumapatsa ulamuliro wosayerekezeka pa chuma chofunikira kwambiri pa:

Magalimoto Amagetsi:Mota iliyonse ya EV imagwiritsa ntchito maginito a NdFeB okwana 1-2 kg.

Mphamvu ya Mphepo:Turbine imodzi ya 3MW imafuna maginito 600 kg awa.

Machitidwe Oteteza:Makina owongolera, ma drone, ndi radar amadalira kulondola kwawo.

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zachilengedwe zosowa ku US, Australia, ndi Myanmar, ulamuliro wa China sumachokera ku nthaka yokha koma chifukwa cha zaka zambiri zopangira mfundo zanzeru komanso ndalama zogulira mafakitale.

 

Momwe China Inamangira Ufulu Wake Wodzilamulira

1. Buku Losewerera la Zaka za m'ma 1990: "Kutaya" kuti Tigwire Misika
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, dziko la China linadzaza misika yapadziko lonse ndi zinthu zotsika mtengo, zomwe zinachepetsa mpikisano monga US ndi Australia. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 2000, migodi ya kumadzulo—yosatha kupikisana—inatseka, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti dziko la China likhale lokhalo lomwe linkagulitsa zinthu zambiri.

2. Kuphatikiza Koyima ndi Zothandizira
China yaika ndalama zambiri muukadaulo woyenga ndi kupanga maginito. Makampani othandizidwa ndi boma monga China Northern Rare Earth Group ndi JL MAG tsopano akutsogolera kupanga padziko lonse lapansi, mothandizidwa ndi ndalama zothandizira, kuchotsera misonkho, ndi malamulo oletsa zachilengedwe.

3. Zoletsa Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwanzeru
Mu 2010, China inachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogulitsa kunja ndi 40%, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mitengo ikwere ndi 600–2,000%. Izi zinawonetsa kudalira kwa dziko lonse pa zinthu zomwe China imagwiritsa ntchito ndipo zinasonyeza kufunitsitsa kwake kugwiritsa ntchito zida zake panthawi ya mikangano yamalonda (monga nkhondo yamalonda ya US-China ya 2019).

 

Chifukwa Chake Dziko Limadalira China

1. Kupikisana pa Mtengo
Ndalama zochepa za ogwira ntchito ku China, mphamvu zothandizira, komanso kusayang'anira bwino zachilengedwe zimapangitsa kuti maginito ake akhale otsika mtengo ndi 30-50% kuposa omwe amapangidwa kwina.

2. Mphepete mwa Ukadaulo
Makampani aku China ndi omwe amalamulira ma patent opanga maginito apamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikizapo njira zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito maginito opanda mphamvu (chinthu chofunikira kwambiri komanso chosowa).

3. Mulingo wa Zomangamanga
Unyolo wopezera zinthu za nthaka yosowa ku China—kuyambira migodi mpaka kusonkhanitsa maginito—uli wogwirizana kwathunthu. Mayiko akumadzulo alibe mphamvu zofanana zoyeretsera ndi kukonza zinthu.

 

Zoopsa za Dziko ndi Mavuto Padziko Lonse

Kudzilamulira kwa China kumabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu:

Kusatetezeka kwa Unyolo Wopereka Zinthu:Kuletsa kutumiza kunja kamodzi kungalepheretse magawo apadziko lonse lapansi a EV ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso.

Nkhawa za Chitetezo cha Dziko:Makina apamwamba oteteza ku US ndi EU amadalira maginito aku China.

Zolinga za Nyengo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo:Zolinga za Net-zero zimafuna kupanga maginito a NdFeB kuchulukitsa kanayi pofika chaka cha 2050—vuto ngati kupezeka kupitirirabe pakati.

Nkhani Yofunika:Mu 2021, kuyimitsa kwakanthawi kutumiza kunja kwa China ku US panthawi ya mkangano wandale kunachedwetsa kupanga kwa Tesla Cybertruck, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufooka kwa maunyolo ogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi.

 

Mayankho Padziko Lonse: Kuswa Mphamvu ya China

Mayiko ndi makampani akuyesetsa kusiyanitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

1. Kubwezeretsa Migodi Yakumadzulo

Dziko la US linatsegulanso mgodi wake wa Mountain Pass (womwe tsopano ukupereka 15% ya zomwe dziko lonse likufuna).

Lynas Rare Earths yaku Australia idamanga fakitale yopangira zinthu ku Malaysia kuti isayang'anire ulamuliro wa China.

2. Kubwezeretsanso ndi Kusintha
Makampani ngatiHyProMag (UK)ndiKampani Yogulitsa Migodi Yam'mizinda (US)kuchotsa neodymium kuchokera ku zinyalala zamagetsi.

Kafukufuku wokhudza maginito a ferrite ndi mapangidwe a NdFeB opanda dysprosium cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kudalira kwa rare-earth.

3. Mgwirizano Wanzeru
TheMgwirizano wa Zinthu Zopangira Zachilengedwe wa EUndi USLamulo Lopanga ChitetezoKupanga maginito m'nyumba kukhale kofunikira kwambiri.

Japan, yomwe ndi kampani yaikulu ya NdFeB, imayika ndalama zokwana $100 miliyoni pachaka mu ukadaulo wobwezeretsanso zinthu ndi mapulojekiti a zinthu zosoŵa ku Africa.

 

Kusintha kwa China: Kulamulira Simenti

China sichikuima chilili. Njira zaposachedwa zikuphatikizapo:

Mphamvu Yogwirizanitsa:Kuphatikiza makampani a boma osowa zinthu zamtengo wapatali kukhala "amphamvu kwambiri" kuti azitha kuwongolera mitengo.

Zowongolera Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja:Ikufuna zilolezo zotumizira maginito kuchokera kumayiko ena kuyambira 2023, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi buku lake lophunzitsira la rare-earth.

Kukula kwa Lamba ndi Msewu:Kuteteza ufulu wa migodi ku Africa (monga ku Burundi) kuti zinthu zisamalowe m'malo mwake mtsogolo.

 

Mtengo wa Kulamulira kwa Chilengedwe

Kulamulira kwa China kukubwera pamtengo wokwera kwambiri pazachilengedwe:

Zinyalala Zoopsa:Kuyeretsa nthaka yosowa kwambiri kumabweretsa matope owononga mphamvu ya dzuwa, omwe amawononga madzi ndi minda.

Kaboni Yoyenda Pansi:Kuyeretsa kwa malasha ku China kumatulutsa CO2 yochulukirapo katatu kuposa njira zotsukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwina.

Nkhani zimenezi zayambitsa ziwonetsero zapakhomo komanso malamulo okhwima (koma osatsatiridwa molingana) okhudza zachilengedwe.

 

Njira Yotsogola: Tsogolo Logawanika?
Dziko lapansi la zinthu zosoŵa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi likusinthira ku magulu awiri opikisana:

Unyolo Wopereka Zinthu ku China ndi Pakati:Yotsika mtengo, yotheka kukula, koma yoopsa pandale.

"Kukonda Anzanu" Kumadzulo:Yodalirika, yolimba, koma yokwera mtengo komanso yocheperako kukula.

Kwa mafakitale monga magalimoto amagetsi ndi magetsi obwezerezedwanso, kugula zinthu ziwiri kungakhale chinthu chofala—koma pokhapokha ngati mayiko akumadzulo afulumizitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yoyeretsa, kubwezeretsanso zinthu, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ogwira ntchito.

 

Mapeto: Mphamvu, Ndale, ndi Kusintha Kobiriwira
Kulamulira kwa China pakupanga maginito a neodymium kukuwonetsa chosokoneza cha kusintha kobiriwira: ukadaulo wopangidwira kupulumutsa dziko lapansi umadalira unyolo wopereka zinthu wodzaza ndi zoopsa zandale komanso zachilengedwe. Kuswa ulamulirowu kumafuna mgwirizano, luso, komanso kufunitsitsa kulipira ndalama zothandizira kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

Pamene dziko lonse likuthamangira ku magetsi, nkhondo yolimbana ndi maginito a NdFeB sidzangopanga mafakitale okha komanso mgwirizano wa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.